Philosophy
Mood-congruent memory (MCM) is a Cognitive Bias where the retrieval and encoding of information are facilitated when the affective valence of that information matches the current mood state of the individual. This bias manifests as a tendency for persons in a positive mood to preferentially remember pleasant events, while those
Philosophy
The straw man fallacy is an informal Logical Fallacies of relevance characterised by the deliberate or inadvertent distortion of an opposing position to facilitate its refutation. In this form of faulty reasoning, a proponent avoids engaging with the actual substance of a target argument and instead constructs a similar but
Philosophy
The Dark Triad comprises three intercorrelated personality traits: narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. Narcissism is characterised by grandiosity, an inflated sense of brilliance, and a persistent need for narcissistic supply, or external validation of one's superiority. Psychopathy involves low empathy, diminished impulse control, and a tendency to view others
Philosophy
The halo effect, also referred to as the halo error, is a Cognitive Bias characterised by the tendency for a positive impression of an individual, company, or brand in one specific area to influence opinions and feelings regarding other unrelated attributes. This phenomenon prevents an observer from forming an objective
Philosophy
Base rate neglect, also known as the base rate fallacy or base rate bias, is a Cognitive Bias characterised by the tendency of individuals to undervalue or ignore general statistical information, such as prevalence or prior probabilities, in favour of specific, individuating information. This phenomenon is classified as a specific
Philosophy
The framing effect is a Cognitive Bias in which an individual’s choice from a set of options is influenced more by the presentation of information than by its substantive content. This phenomenon occurs when people react differently to a particular decision depending on whether it is framed to emphasise
Philosophy
The bandwagon effect is a psychological phenomenon and Cognitive Bias characterised by individuals adopting specific behaviours, styles, or attitudes primarily because others are doing so. This tendency causes the rate of uptake for beliefs, ideas, and trends to increase in correlation with the proportion of the population that has already
Philosophy
Cognitive biases are systematic errors in thinking that occur when the human brain processes and interprets information in its surroundings These biases are often the result of heuristics—mental shortcuts that allow the brain to make decisions quickly and efficiently, though not always rationally. Key Characteristics * Systematic Deviations: They represent
Philosophy
A false dilemma is one of the informal Logical Fallacies that occurs when a situation is portrayed as having only a limited number of alternatives, typically two, when in fact further options exist. This error in reasoning is also frequently termed a false dichotomy, false binary, or the either-or fallacy.
Philosophy
Conceptual Overview Circular reasoning, known in Latin as circulus in probando, is one of the informal Logical Fallacies wherein the conclusion of an argument is already contained within its premises. This defect is fundamentally pragmatic, as the evidence provided requires as much proof as the claim itself, rendering the argument
Philosophy
The Great Feminisation represents an unprecedented revolution in human history, characterised by the increasing representation and eventual majority of women within all foundational institutions of society. While historical societies have occasionally featured female monarchs or business owners, the modern era is unique in the sheer volume of political and institutional
Philosophy
Confirmation bias is a Cognitive Bias where the tendency to search for, interpret, favour, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports prior beliefs or values. Often referred to as confirmatory bias, myside bias, or congeniality bias, it involves selecting information that supports existing views while ignoring contrary