Philosophy
The recency effect is a Cognitive Bias characterised by the tendency of an individual to recall or prioritise information presented most recently within a series. It represents one component of the serial-position effect, which describes how the accuracy of recall varies as a function of an item's position
Philosophy
A fallacy is the application of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument. Such reasoning may appear to be well-structured if the error remains unnoticed. Logical fallacies are errors in the structure or content of arguments that render them logically unsound. These defects in reasoning are
Philosophy
Self-serving bias, or self-serving attributional bias, is a pervasive Cognitive Bias where individuals attribute positive outcomes to their own internal characteristics, such as skill or effort, while ascribing negative outcomes to external, situational factors beyond their control. This mechanism serves as a psychological buffer, allowing the mind to maintain and
Philosophy
Rosy retrospection is a Cognitive Bias characterised by the tendency of individuals to recall past events more positively than they were experienced at the time of their occurrence. This phenomenon involves a selective memory process where the mind systematically enhances positive elements while filtering out or downplaying difficult, neutral, or
Philosophy
Mood-congruent memory (MCM) is a Cognitive Bias where the retrieval and encoding of information are facilitated when the affective valence of that information matches the current mood state of the individual. This bias manifests as a tendency for persons in a positive mood to preferentially remember pleasant events, while those
Philosophy
The straw man fallacy is an informal Logical Fallacies of relevance characterised by the deliberate or inadvertent distortion of an opposing position to facilitate its refutation. In this form of faulty reasoning, a proponent avoids engaging with the actual substance of a target argument and instead constructs a similar but
Philosophy
The Dark Triad comprises three intercorrelated personality traits: narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. Narcissism is characterised by grandiosity, an inflated sense of brilliance, and a persistent need for narcissistic supply, or external validation of one's superiority. Psychopathy involves low empathy, diminished impulse control, and a tendency to view others
Philosophy
The halo effect, also referred to as the halo error, is a Cognitive Bias characterised by the tendency for a positive impression of an individual, company, or brand in one specific area to influence opinions and feelings regarding other unrelated attributes. This phenomenon prevents an observer from forming an objective
Philosophy
Base rate neglect, also known as the base rate fallacy or base rate bias, is a Cognitive Bias characterised by the tendency of individuals to undervalue or ignore general statistical information, such as prevalence or prior probabilities, in favour of specific, individuating information. This phenomenon is classified as a specific
Philosophy
The framing effect is a Cognitive Bias in which an individual’s choice from a set of options is influenced more by the presentation of information than by its substantive content. This phenomenon occurs when people react differently to a particular decision depending on whether it is framed to emphasise
Philosophy
The bandwagon effect is a psychological phenomenon and Cognitive Bias characterised by individuals adopting specific behaviours, styles, or attitudes primarily because others are doing so. This tendency causes the rate of uptake for beliefs, ideas, and trends to increase in correlation with the proportion of the population that has already
Philosophy
Cognitive biases are systematic errors in thinking that occur when the human brain processes and interprets information in its surroundings These biases are often the result of heuristics—mental shortcuts that allow the brain to make decisions quickly and efficiently, though not always rationally. Key Characteristics * Systematic Deviations: They represent