Philosophy
A false dilemma is one of the informal Logical Fallacies that occurs when a situation is portrayed as having only a limited number of alternatives, typically two, when in fact further options exist. This error in reasoning is also frequently termed a false dichotomy, false binary, or the either-or fallacy.
Philosophy
Conceptual Overview Circular reasoning, known in Latin as circulus in probando, is one of the informal Logical Fallacies wherein the conclusion of an argument is already contained within its premises. This defect is fundamentally pragmatic, as the evidence provided requires as much proof as the claim itself, rendering the argument
Philosophy
The Great Feminisation represents an unprecedented revolution in human history, characterised by the increasing representation and eventual majority of women within all foundational institutions of society. While historical societies have occasionally featured female monarchs or business owners, the modern era is unique in the sheer volume of political and institutional
Philosophy
Confirmation bias is a Cognitive Bias where the tendency to search for, interpret, favour, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports prior beliefs or values. Often referred to as confirmatory bias, myside bias, or congeniality bias, it involves selecting information that supports existing views while ignoring contrary
Philosophy
The fundamental attribution error refers to a social Cognitive Bias in which observers consistently overemphasise dispositional or personality factors while underemphasising situational and environmental influences when evaluating the behaviour of others. This phenomenon leads to the conclusion that an individual's actions are primarily a reflection of their inherent
Philosophy
The shift from traditionalist dynamics, where masculine and feminine energies were clearly distinguished, to a modern ideological framework has fundamentally altered the trajectory of Western civilisation. Traditional structures once guided these energies to create cultural harmony, but the modern intellectual lens has replaced this with the age of ideologies, most
Philosophy
Definition and Theoretical Overview The availability heuristic, also referred to as availability bias, is a Cognitive Bias and mental shortcut utilised to evaluate the frequency, probability, or importance of a topic, concept, or decision based on the ease with which examples or instances are brought to mind. Operating on the
Philosophy
The Three Classical Laws of Logic The three classical laws of logic, historically identified as the laws of thought, constitute the foundational principles of formal reasoning and the systematic acquisition of knowledge. These laws are traditionally held to be the necessary and sufficient conditions for correct thinking, asserting that without
Philosophy
The slippery slope is a rhetorical and Logical Fallacies in which a specific course of action is rejected based on the belief that it will trigger a chain reaction leading to an undesirable or extreme conclusion. This argument asserts that a relatively minor initial step will inevitably lead to a
Philosophy
Definition and Economic Principles The sunk cost fallacy represents a Cognitive Bias and economic phenomenon in which individuals or organisations persist with a course of action based on previously invested resources rather than present value or future potential. Sunk costs are defined as expenses that have already been incurred and
Philosophy
The gambler’s fallacy is a Cognitive Bias defined by the erroneous belief that the probability of a random event is influenced by previous occurrences of that type of event. It is characterised by a conviction that, for random processes, a run of a particular outcome will be balanced by
Philosophy
Toxoplasmosis is a widespread parasitic infection caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, for which approximately half of the global feline population serves as a carrier. In human populations, particularly within the United States, infection rates among individuals over the age of twelve are estimated at 22.5 per cent, largely